Abstract: The mid-term research progress of the project entitled “The Impact of Black Carbon From Agricultural and Anthropogenic Sources on Climate and Air Quality over East Asia, and the Assessment of Its Effects on Health”, which is the 2016 Key Program of Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, can be summarized as follows: 1) the sample lines of aircraft were redesigned and modified on the observation and experiment platform, and some specific instruments were equipped and calibrated in the cabin to get the relevant data of black carbon, tracer gas, aerosol’s optical property, size distribution, and chemical composition. The flight plans were newly designed according to the project’s need. Also, several sets of experimental platforms and monitoring systems for simulating combustion of source emissions have been built. 2) The vertical profiles of black carbon in North China, Central China, Yangtze River Delta, and Shandong province were acquired based on aircraft and airships. The inter-regional transport processes of black carbon in North China and Central China were captured, and the associated mechanisms were discussed through the joint observation of aircraft and ground. 3) Several rural energy consumption surveys were organized. Based on laboratory experiments, civil fuels (coal and biomass) emitting characters were preliminarily studied, including aerosol number concentration, single particle (including black carbon) composition, mixing state, and real-time evolution. The aerosol (contain Black Carbon, BC) emission inventory of coal and biomass burning was preliminarily constructed at a resolution of 1 km ×1 km. 4) The BC optical and mixing character models were developed. The impact of BC aerosol on the meteorological factors and boundary development was simulated using the online atmospheric chemistry coupling model (WRF-Chem), and physical and chemical mechanisms of the BC aggravating or lightening the air pollution were discussed. The earth system model was improved, providing a solid technical base for the research of BC radiation effect. 5) Also investigated were the impact of BC concentration on the inspiratory and circulatory system death rates of different people groups, the emergency number of people, and its health effects in Beijing and Chengdu.